A commentary on Linguistics THE PROPOSAL: Origins of the Indo-European Hypothesis Linguistic similarities between Indian and European languages were recognized by the earliest European scholars. In the late eighteenth century, it was observed that Sanskrit, Iranian, and most European languages share many common words and grammatical structures. Early linguists classified Vedic Sanskrit and the majority of European tongues in the same “family of Indo-European languages.” Sir William Jones was the first to show that there are many common cognate words shared by Sanskrit and European languages. Speaking to the Asiatic Society in Calcutta on February 2, 1786, Jones made a statement which was soon to become quite famous: “…the Sanskrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and in the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong, indeed, that no philosopher could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some COMMON source, which, perhaps, no longer exists. A quick glance at some of the common cognate words of English and Sanskrit shows definite family resemblances that Jones spoke about: English-Sanskrit English- Sanskrit agri- ajira, bind- bandhi bright- bharajat, brother- bhatr candle- Chandra, cardie- hrd come- gam, deity- devata eight- ashta, end- anta genus- janus, prognosis- gnana idea- vidya, identity- idamta immortal amrta, kalon- kalyana mega maha, man- manu THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGES: In whatever languages we communicate with each other today but they have a common source. Research fellows of linguistics had proved this from many evidences. They called the common source as Indo- European languages but there are also some local languages exist outside the box of Indo- European. Below evolution of some common languages are shown. Proto- Indoeuropean – to - Indo European. Indo-european language-to- Indo Iranian- Indo Aryan- Vedic Sanskrit- Sanskrit, Prakrit, Magdhi, Maharastri, Gandhari etc. Indo-European –to- Balto-Slavic- Baltic, Slavic, Russian, Polish, Bulgarian, Czech, Albanian etc. So, it can be seen from the above transformation of languages, that Sanskrit and Russian language are the Branch of same stem called Indo- European language. And the precursor of Indo European is Proto- Indoeuropean. Sir William Jones making and propagating the observation that Sanskrit bore a certain resemblance to classical Greek and Latin. In The Sanscrit Language (1786) he suggested that all three languages had a common root, and that indeed they might further all be related, in turn, to Gothic and the Celtic languages, as well as to Persian. Here take a look over the whole timeline of language evolution: 2500 BC–2000 BC: The breakup into the proto-languages of the attested dialects is complete. Proto-Greek is spoken in the Balkans, Proto-Indo-Iranian north of the Caspian in Andronovo culture. Is it the “Big bang” of languages? And then languages spreaded all over the world. And the Primordial site is of this Big bang is The PONTIC-CASPIAN STEPPE which is the vast steppeland stretching from the northern shores of the Black Sea as far east as the Caspian Sea, from western Ukraine across the Southern Federal District and the Volga Federal District of Russia to western Kazakhstan 2000 BC–1500 BC: The chariot (a carrier pulled by horses) invented at this time what caused spread of Iranian and Indo-Aryan from the Bactria-Margiana over much of Central Asia, Northern India, Iran and Eastern Anatolia. Proto-Anatolian is split into Hittite and Luwian. Etc 1500 BC–1000 BC: Proto-Germanic, Migration of the Proto-Italic speakers into the Italian peninsula. REDACTION OF THE RIGVEDA AND RISE OF THE VEDIC CIVILIZATION IN THE PUNJAB. 1000 BC–500 BC: The Celtic languages spread over Central and Western Europe. Baltic languages are spoken in a huge area from present-day Poland to the Ural Mountains. Homer and the beginning of Classical Antiquity. THE VEDIC CIVILIZATION GIVES WAY TO THE MAHAJANAPADAS. SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA PREACHES BUDDHISM. ZOROASTER COMPOSES THE GATHAS, n. Genesis of the Greek and Old Italic alphabets. A variety of Paleo-Balkan languages are spoken in Southern Europe. 500 BC–1 BC/AD: Classical Antiquity: spread of Greek and Latin throughout the Mediterranean, AND DURING THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD (INDO-GREEKS) TO CENTRAL ASIA AND THE HINDUKUSH. KUSHAN EMPIRE, MAURYAN EMPIRE. Proto-Germanic. The Anatolian languages are extinct. 1 BC/AD 500: Late Antiquity, Gupta period; attestation of Armenian. Proto-Slavic. The Roman Empire and then the Migration period marginalize the Celtic languages to the British Isles. 500–1000: The Islamic conquest and the Turkic expansion results in the Arabization and Turkification of significant areas where Indo-European languages were spoken.Slavic languages spread over wide areas in eastern and southeastern Europe, largely replacing Romance 1000–1500: Late Middle Ages: Attestation of Albanian and Baltic. 1500–2000: Early Modern period to present: Colonialism results in the spread of Indo-European languages to every continent. And now we are in the world of thousands of languages leaving behind the father Proto-indoeuropean language which was the language of "Kurgan culture" ('Kurgan' word is first formulated in the 1950s by Marija Gimbutas) of The Pontic-Caspian steppe near Black sea and Caspian sea. It is not worthy to find which is the oldest language between the Indo- European(IE) languages. Some people say it is Lithuanian, some say it is Albanian again some say it is Sanskrit, the debate will never have an end. But many scholars have researched that Sanskrit have maintained the purity of its construction and grammar than many other languages of this group of (IE) for thousand of years long. THE SUBJECT- SANSKRIT AND RUSSIAN HAVE SAME SOURCE. It is not difficult to see and obvious connection between the Russian and Sanskrit. Indian scholar of Russian DURGA PRASAD SHASTRI, noting the great similarity of the Russian language and Sanskrit, said: "If I were asked what two languages of the world most similar to each other, I would answer without hesitation:" Russian and Sanskrit. “And not because of some words in both languages are similar, as is the case with many languages, belonging to one family. For example, common words can be found in Latin, German, Sanskrit, Persian and Russian languages, belonging to the Indo-European group of languages. It is surprising that in our two languages are similar to the structure of words, style and syntax. Add an even greater similarity of the rules of grammar – it is a matter of deep curiosity of all who are familiar with linguistics who wish to know more about the close ties, established back in the past between the peoples of Russia and India. The professor from India who arrived in Vologda of Russia. In Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions many rivers, lakes and streams known as the Ganges, Shiva, indigo, Indosat, Sindoshka, Indomanka. The vast majority of the names of Russian rivers can not simply transfer koverkanya language from Sanskrit: Sukhona means – easily avoidable, Kubena – a winding, the Court – a stream, Darida – giving water, Padma – lotus, water lily, Kush – sedge, Syamzhena – uniting people. Even the technique of embroidery ornaments called in Vologda and in India the same way. Our skilled workers talk about grazing surface of coinage, and Indian – Chica. In Vologda and Arkhangelsk dialects preserved many Sanskrit words in pure form. The names of the gods of Slavic paganism and the Vedas – Rohde & Rudra. Both – the carriers of masculinity, giving seed of the earth and everything living on it, prolonging the bloodline of generations, "race-AE", "in-kind" and others in Russian – and "Rodas" (the land) in Sanskrit. Both characterized by a red or reddish-brown color, "Rudy," "Rhodri" in Russian – and "rudhira" in Sanskrit. Both values are associated with the transfer of blood, "Krav (c)" in Sanskrit, and in Russian – and even "ore" (again, the color value). Vedic Indra, the sun is freed from the darkness of "eternal night" and smashed the shackles of the rivers, is compliance with Russian Indroku of the "Dove of the book" (a fabulous Indrik-beast), which "clears all key sources" – both of them have been preserved in popular memory as the champions of the water , the source of life. Another striking example – the Agni, the Vedic god of fire. Here is an example not only of absolute phonetic coincidence, but a pointer to the ancient cult, which played a crucial role in the religious thought of all Indo-European peoples: the fire was revered, he took care of him praying (it should be noted that the Baltic languages are preserved his name as " ignis "and" ugnis ", which also points to the closeness of the Slavic and Baltic languages). "In the European and Indian languages have no such means of preserving the ancient language systems, as in Russian, Durga prasad sastri- It's time to enhance the study of the two major branches of the Indo-European family and to open some of the darker chapters of the story for the benefit of all peoples. " contd..
THE INTERESTING CHART SANSKRIT - RUSSIAN- MEANING Kada-(sanskriti)kagda(russian) when(meaning) Tada- tagda - then Anyada- engda - at different time Sarboda- besgda - always Bina - bine - without Swasri - swesri - sister Dwar - dwer - door Avrak - abalak - cloud Shoos - shloos - to hear Ekam - adin - one Dwi - dwi - two Dwadas - dwadasteti- twelve Sata - sto - hundred FEW SENTENCES: 1. English - These two are my sister and those two are your sisters Sanskrit – ete dwe me swasarou tu uve cha te swasarou Russian – ete dwe maye swestri tu obey twaye swestri See ‘ete’ ‘dwe’ and ‘tu’ are same in number and bibhakti. 2. English - wtater is falling from a waterfall long day and night Sanskrit- naktam dinam udpatat patati ud. Russian- na cha I diyom otovyedapada padait voda Waterfall= udpat (sanskrit), otvodapada (russian) Fall= patati (sanskrit), padait (russian) 3. English- Hey lord! Bless us as we can sing the song of life for hundred autumn. Sanskrit= jivem sharadah satam brubam sharadah satam Russian- jivem sto goda sto goda, jivem sto liyet gobarim sto liyet (here gobarim= summer, as Russia is a cold continent) 4. English – my girl is taking milk from the goat Sanskrit- madiya duhita dogdhi uvea je Russian- moya dochi doyit obe afatse. FEW WORDS: Ha (ह) of Sanskrit is not present in Russian language so they pronounce ha as ja, va or dha- example- Himalaya= zimalaya (russian), Holland= Golland (Russian). Actually Russian language missed so many letters of Sanskrit. Between ka to ma of Sanskrit Russin has no nine letters. So languages are also telling us that we are one. And at the end one thing to say is that the most primordial sound of creation is Aum (ॐ) The Chāndogya Upanishad (1.1.1-1) states: om ity-etad akṣaram udgītham upāsīta / aum iti hy udgāyati / tasyopavyākhyānam "The udgi:tā ["the chanting", that is, the syllable om] is the best of all essences, the highest, deserving the highest place, the eighth." The Bhagavad Gi:tā (8.13) states that: Uttering the monosyllable Aum, the eternal world of Brahman, One who departs leaving the body (at death), he attains the Supreme Goal (i.e., he reaches God).